Deviance Paper- Need within 8 hours
Deviance Paper
Some behaviors that used to be considered acceptable are now considered deviant or even criminal. Some behaviors that used to be considered criminal or deviant are now being decriminalized and accepted as normal. Some have even gone through cycles of acceptance, criminalization, and re-acceptance. Here are some examples:
Roughly two centuries ago, George Washington owned the largest whiskey distillery in America, yet a little over 100 years later, the United States government passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Thirteen years later, the amendment was repealed and the sale of alcohol was decriminalized. Yet there are still restrictions in some states that are referred to as “dry” laws.
During the 20th century, Americans’ positions on marijuana became highly polarized. By the latter half of the century, its recreational and even medicinal use had become criminalized. Recently, however, society has begun to adopt more permissive views; medicinal use is now allowable in many states, and in the election of 2012, the states of Washington and Colorado voted to allow safe recreational use.
Interracial marriage was considered deviant and criminal during much of the history of the United States. In fact, southern states’ laws prohibiting interracial marriage were only repealed as late as 1967. Today, interracial marriage is legal and is not considered to be deviant by most (but not all) Americans.
This paper asks you to describe how a given behavior came to be considered deviant and to identify the social control mechanisms used to influence those who engage in the behavior.
Select a behavior that is or was considered deviant or criminal (and possibly no longer is).
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that explains how and why the behavior came to be considered deviant or criminal. Your paper should answer the following questions:
What norms are (or were) threatened by this behavior?
What mechanisms of control are (or were) exercised to influence those who engage in this behavior?
Which sociological theory of deviance—anomie, strain, control, cultural transmission, or labeling—best explains why this behavior was or is considered deviant?
List your references according to APA guidelines, including links to any websites or online articles your paper refers to.
Deviance Paper- Need within 8 hours
Deviance Paper
Some behaviors that used to be considered acceptable are now considered deviant or even criminal. Some behaviors that used to be considered criminal or deviant are now being decriminalized and accepted as normal. Some have even gone through cycles of acceptance, criminalization, and re-acceptance. Here are some examples:
Roughly two centuries ago, George Washington owned the largest whiskey distillery in America, yet a little over 100 years later, the United States government passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Thirteen years later, the amendment was repealed and the sale of alcohol was decriminalized. Yet there are still restrictions in some states that are referred to as “dry” laws.
During the 20th century, Americans’ positions on marijuana became highly polarized. By the latter half of the century, its recreational and even medicinal use had become criminalized. Recently, however, society has begun to adopt more permissive views; medicinal use is now allowable in many states, and in the election of 2012, the states of Washington and Colorado voted to allow safe recreational use.
Interracial marriage was considered deviant and criminal during much of the history of the United States. In fact, southern states’ laws prohibiting interracial marriage were only repealed as late as 1967. Today, interracial marriage is legal and is not considered to be deviant by most (but not all) Americans.
This paper asks you to describe how a given behavior came to be considered deviant and to identify the social control mechanisms used to influence those who engage in the behavior.
Select a behavior that is or was considered deviant or criminal (and possibly no longer is).
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that explains how and why the behavior came to be considered deviant or criminal. Your paper should answer the following questions:
What norms are (or were) threatened by this behavior?
What mechanisms of control are (or were) exercised to influence those who engage in this behavior?
Which sociological theory of deviance—anomie, strain, control, cultural transmission, or labeling—best explains why this behavior was or is considered deviant?
List your references according to APA guidelines, including links to any websites or online articles your paper refers to.
Deviance Paper- Need within 8 hours
Deviance Paper
Some behaviors that used to be considered acceptable are now considered deviant or even criminal. Some behaviors that used to be considered criminal or deviant are now being decriminalized and accepted as normal. Some have even gone through cycles of acceptance, criminalization, and re-acceptance. Here are some examples:
Roughly two centuries ago, George Washington owned the largest whiskey distillery in America, yet a little over 100 years later, the United States government passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Thirteen years later, the amendment was repealed and the sale of alcohol was decriminalized. Yet there are still restrictions in some states that are referred to as “dry” laws.
During the 20th century, Americans’ positions on marijuana became highly polarized. By the latter half of the century, its recreational and even medicinal use had become criminalized. Recently, however, society has begun to adopt more permissive views; medicinal use is now allowable in many states, and in the election of 2012, the states of Washington and Colorado voted to allow safe recreational use.
Interracial marriage was considered deviant and criminal during much of the history of the United States. In fact, southern states’ laws prohibiting interracial marriage were only repealed as late as 1967. Today, interracial marriage is legal and is not considered to be deviant by most (but not all) Americans.
This paper asks you to describe how a given behavior came to be considered deviant and to identify the social control mechanisms used to influence those who engage in the behavior.
Select a behavior that is or was considered deviant or criminal (and possibly no longer is).
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that explains how and why the behavior came to be considered deviant or criminal. Your paper should answer the following questions:
What norms are (or were) threatened by this behavior?
What mechanisms of control are (or were) exercised to influence those who engage in this behavior?
Which sociological theory of deviance—anomie, strain, control, cultural transmission, or labeling—best explains why this behavior was or is considered deviant?
List your references according to APA guidelines, including links to any websites or online articles your paper refers to.
Consider challenges health care providers are facing in light of the national health IT agenda related to sharing data across information systems and/or controlled terminology standards. What strategies could a health care organization use to address interoperability challenges? Conduct additional research as necessary to determine possible solutions.
/in Lion Essays /by adminControlled Terminology and Standards
What are the advantages of standardizing coding terminologies? And what is the best way to achieve consistency for information systems?
As Dr. John Glaser notes in the “What Is Health Informatics?” media presentation (assigned in Week 1), a group of physicians may use many different terms to describe one patient’s painful experience. This simple example can be extrapolated to guide your thinking about the obstacles that have arisen for information system development because of the varied and complex nature of health care.
In this week’s Discussion, you evaluate the interoperability and coding challenges encountered in today’s health care organizations.
To prepare:
Think about how controlled terminology and standards facilitate information sharing, for example, sharing data between an emergency care clinic and a pharmacy or between a primary care physician’s office and a specialist’s office.
Reflect on the national health IT agenda as presented in the Learning Resources.
Consider challenges health care providers are facing in light of the national health IT agenda related to sharing data across information systems and/or controlled terminology standards. What strategies could a health care organization use to address interoperability challenges? Conduct additional research as necessary to determine possible solutions.
Write a cohesive response that addresses the following:
Evaluate the challenges that health care organizations may face when sharing data across systems.
Using your professional experience and/or information gathered through research, provide at least two specific examples of interoperability challenges.
Propose at least two strategies a health care organization might implement to address interoperability challenges.
Readings
Course Text:Nursing Informatics: Where Technology and Caring Meet
Chapter 13, “Standards and Interoperability”
This chapter introduces the definition, standards, and challenges of interoperability. The authors also detail the impact that interoperable systems will likely have on the future of electronic health records (EHRs) in response to the national health IT agenda.
Course Text: American Nurses Association (2015). Nursing informatics: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Author.
“Trends in Care Delivery Models and Innovation” (pp. 63-66)
This excerpt gives examples of projects that are being used to accelerate informatics implementations in organizations.
Based on your analysis of the five areas, assess whether the evidence presented in the research report supports the researcher’s conclusion.
/in Lion Essays /by adminPlease notice that you can collect 10 research reports first and then select one of
those to complete aspect A of this task.
1. Identify the article you have chosen in an APA-formatted citation.
2. Design a visual representation (e.g., graph or chart) to show how the researcher
addressed the five areas of a research report (background information or
introduction, review of the literature, discussion of methodology, specific data
analysis, and conclusion).
Note: table provided-look at attachment(TASK).
3. Based on your analysis of the five areas, assess whether the evidence presented in
the research report supports the researcher’s conclusion.
4. Discuss ethical issues that may have arisen for the researcher while conducting the
research for the article.
5. Discuss the type of research used for the study.
a. Explain whether or not other types of research would have been appropriate in
the same situation.
B. Conduct a literature search to evaluate nursing care or management implications of a
nursing intervention by doing the following:
1. Discuss evidence for a nursing care or management problem.
2. Complete the attached matrix to list 10 primary research sources, in APA format,
from scholarly journal sources you locate in major medical databases (e.g.,EBSCO, CINAHL,
PubMed, MedLine, or a hard copy journal).
Note: In aspect B you should gather 9 more pieces of similar research on the same
topic as in aspect A so you have a total of 10 pieces of primary research to make a
practice implication (a minimum of 8 authors should be used).
A1 Article: (indicate primary evidence chosen by way of an APA citation)
A2 Background or Introduction
A2 Review of the Literature
A2 Discussion of Methodology
A2 Data Analysis
A2 Researcher’s conclusion
Note: You may submit your completed matrix as a separate attachment to the task
or you may include the matrix within your paper.
Note: Credible sources may include professional journals, research reports,
professional Web sites, governmental reports, and presentations from professional
meetings. Primary research articles must not be more than ten years old.
3. Conduct a review of the 10 peer-reviewed research articles in which you do the
following:
a. Develop an annotated bibliography (suggested length of 2–3 pages) of the all
articles.
Note: An annotated bibliography is one that includes not only a brief summary of
content for each book or article reviewed, but also contains other relevant
comments and information that the candidate believes can be of help for future
study.
See attachment for more information on annotated bibliographies.
b. Discuss whether the researchers’ evidence collected is adequate to make a
recommendation for a practice change.
Which sociological theory of deviance—anomie, strain, control, cultural transmission, or labeling—best explains why this behavior was or is considered deviant?
/in Lion Essays /by adminDeviance Paper- Need within 8 hours
Deviance Paper
Some behaviors that used to be considered acceptable are now considered deviant or even criminal. Some behaviors that used to be considered criminal or deviant are now being decriminalized and accepted as normal. Some have even gone through cycles of acceptance, criminalization, and re-acceptance. Here are some examples:
Roughly two centuries ago, George Washington owned the largest whiskey distillery in America, yet a little over 100 years later, the United States government passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Thirteen years later, the amendment was repealed and the sale of alcohol was decriminalized. Yet there are still restrictions in some states that are referred to as “dry” laws.
During the 20th century, Americans’ positions on marijuana became highly polarized. By the latter half of the century, its recreational and even medicinal use had become criminalized. Recently, however, society has begun to adopt more permissive views; medicinal use is now allowable in many states, and in the election of 2012, the states of Washington and Colorado voted to allow safe recreational use.
Interracial marriage was considered deviant and criminal during much of the history of the United States. In fact, southern states’ laws prohibiting interracial marriage were only repealed as late as 1967. Today, interracial marriage is legal and is not considered to be deviant by most (but not all) Americans.
This paper asks you to describe how a given behavior came to be considered deviant and to identify the social control mechanisms used to influence those who engage in the behavior.
Select a behavior that is or was considered deviant or criminal (and possibly no longer is).
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that explains how and why the behavior came to be considered deviant or criminal. Your paper should answer the following questions:
What norms are (or were) threatened by this behavior?
What mechanisms of control are (or were) exercised to influence those who engage in this behavior?
Which sociological theory of deviance—anomie, strain, control, cultural transmission, or labeling—best explains why this behavior was or is considered deviant?
List your references according to APA guidelines, including links to any websites or online articles your paper refers to.
Deviance Paper- Need within 8 hours
Deviance Paper
Some behaviors that used to be considered acceptable are now considered deviant or even criminal. Some behaviors that used to be considered criminal or deviant are now being decriminalized and accepted as normal. Some have even gone through cycles of acceptance, criminalization, and re-acceptance. Here are some examples:
Roughly two centuries ago, George Washington owned the largest whiskey distillery in America, yet a little over 100 years later, the United States government passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Thirteen years later, the amendment was repealed and the sale of alcohol was decriminalized. Yet there are still restrictions in some states that are referred to as “dry” laws.
During the 20th century, Americans’ positions on marijuana became highly polarized. By the latter half of the century, its recreational and even medicinal use had become criminalized. Recently, however, society has begun to adopt more permissive views; medicinal use is now allowable in many states, and in the election of 2012, the states of Washington and Colorado voted to allow safe recreational use.
Interracial marriage was considered deviant and criminal during much of the history of the United States. In fact, southern states’ laws prohibiting interracial marriage were only repealed as late as 1967. Today, interracial marriage is legal and is not considered to be deviant by most (but not all) Americans.
This paper asks you to describe how a given behavior came to be considered deviant and to identify the social control mechanisms used to influence those who engage in the behavior.
Select a behavior that is or was considered deviant or criminal (and possibly no longer is).
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that explains how and why the behavior came to be considered deviant or criminal. Your paper should answer the following questions:
What norms are (or were) threatened by this behavior?
What mechanisms of control are (or were) exercised to influence those who engage in this behavior?
Which sociological theory of deviance—anomie, strain, control, cultural transmission, or labeling—best explains why this behavior was or is considered deviant?
List your references according to APA guidelines, including links to any websites or online articles your paper refers to.
Deviance Paper- Need within 8 hours
Deviance Paper
Some behaviors that used to be considered acceptable are now considered deviant or even criminal. Some behaviors that used to be considered criminal or deviant are now being decriminalized and accepted as normal. Some have even gone through cycles of acceptance, criminalization, and re-acceptance. Here are some examples:
Roughly two centuries ago, George Washington owned the largest whiskey distillery in America, yet a little over 100 years later, the United States government passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Thirteen years later, the amendment was repealed and the sale of alcohol was decriminalized. Yet there are still restrictions in some states that are referred to as “dry” laws.
During the 20th century, Americans’ positions on marijuana became highly polarized. By the latter half of the century, its recreational and even medicinal use had become criminalized. Recently, however, society has begun to adopt more permissive views; medicinal use is now allowable in many states, and in the election of 2012, the states of Washington and Colorado voted to allow safe recreational use.
Interracial marriage was considered deviant and criminal during much of the history of the United States. In fact, southern states’ laws prohibiting interracial marriage were only repealed as late as 1967. Today, interracial marriage is legal and is not considered to be deviant by most (but not all) Americans.
This paper asks you to describe how a given behavior came to be considered deviant and to identify the social control mechanisms used to influence those who engage in the behavior.
Select a behavior that is or was considered deviant or criminal (and possibly no longer is).
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that explains how and why the behavior came to be considered deviant or criminal. Your paper should answer the following questions:
What norms are (or were) threatened by this behavior?
What mechanisms of control are (or were) exercised to influence those who engage in this behavior?
Which sociological theory of deviance—anomie, strain, control, cultural transmission, or labeling—best explains why this behavior was or is considered deviant?
List your references according to APA guidelines, including links to any websites or online articles your paper refers to.
What are the researchable populations in your area of practice? Which would be most appropriate for use in your research study?
/in Lion Essays /by adminSherlock Holmes, the great fictional logician, may have made this reprimand in reference to the science of criminal investigation, but the underlying principle holds true for all branches of research. Now that you have identified a research problem and developed hypotheses, the next step is to identify your sample and begin gathering data that will answer your research questions. The process of sampling to gather data is a crucial step in the research process in that you must be sure that the instruments and sample population mesh well with the study’s goals and objectives so that they will produce valid and reliable results.
For this Discussion, you identify a target population and sample appropriate for addressing the research problem you formulated in the Week 2 Discussion.
To prepare:
Review this week’s media presentation and consider Dr. Pothoff’s comments on sampling.
Recall the research problem, question, and hypothesis you developed in Week 2’s Discussion which is about Medical errors and ethical issues. With this in mind, ask yourself: What population is most relevant, and accessible, for exploring my research problem?
Consider how you could reach this target population to gather data. What are some challenges you might encounter?
Determine a data collection approach for your target population. Develop an informed rationale for selecting that approach.
Write a cohesive response that addresses the following questions:
What are the researchable populations in your area of practice? Which would be most appropriate for use in your research study?
What are the challenges of obtaining a sample from this population? How could you address those challenges?
What approach would you use to collect data from the sample? Provide a rationale for the approach you choose based on this week’s Learning Resources.
Readings
Course Text: The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence
Chapter 15, “Sampling”
Chapter 15 introduces key concepts and components of sampling theory and the sampling process. The chapter discusses several important sampling considerations, including target population, hypothetical population, accessible population, elements, subjects, participants, and generalizability of research findings based on sampling methods.
Chapter 20, “Collecting and Managing Data”
Chapter 20 explains how data collection is an integral part of research and presents methods for collecting and managing data.
Article: Corrigan, P. W., Tsang, H. H., Shi, K., Lam, C. S., & Larson, J. (2010). Chinese and American employers’ perspectives regarding hiring people with behaviorally driven health conditions: The role of stigma. Social Science & Medicine, 71(12), 2162–2169. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.08.025
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article discusses a mixed-method study of the work opportunities for people with behaviorally driven health conditions such as HIV/AIDS and drug and alcohol abuse. The article describes the results of qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys of employers in China and the United States in an effort to analyze employer perspectives, stigma, and the possibility for stigma change.
Identify the common roles in a human resource project. Then, analyze these roles to typical human resource functions. Reorganize any two (2) roles at TriHealth that result in shared responsibilities and then state why you chose those two roles.
/in Lion Essays /by adminOrder instructions
Read the case titled: “Project Leadership Roles at TriHealth” found in Chapter 3. This assignment is about developing a specific project team for TriHealth.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
Your assignment must:
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Discuss ethical issues that may have arisen for the researcher while conducting the research for the article.
/in Lion Essays /by adminIn this task, you will collect and analyze 10 research reports (primary research evidence) on
one topic of interest to you in nursing practice or healthcare.
Topic: Preventing /or reduction of Pressure Ulcers or any other topic that will be easy to find 10 primary research reports—email me if you have any better idea. Most articles for pressure ulcers are in EBSCO ,CINAHL, PubMed, MedLine.
Task:
A. Select piece of primary research (original research reports) from a research journal that
has nursing implications and critique the article (suggested length of 2–3 pages) by
doing the following:
Note: Please notice that you can collect 10 research reports first and then select one of
those to complete aspect A of this task.
1. Identify the article you have chosen in an APA-formatted citation.
2. Design a visual representation (e.g., graph or chart) to show how the researcher
addressed the five areas of a research report (background information or
introduction, review of the literature, discussion of methodology, specific data
analysis, and conclusion).
Note: table provided-look at attachment(TASK).
3. Based on your analysis of the five areas, assess whether the evidence presented in
the research report supports the researcher’s conclusion.
4. Discuss ethical issues that may have arisen for the researcher while conducting the
research for the article.
5. Discuss the type of research used for the study.
a. Explain whether or not other types of research would have been appropriate in
the same situation.
B. Conduct a literature search to evaluate nursing care or management implications of a
nursing intervention by doing the following:
1. Discuss evidence for a nursing care or management problem.
2. Complete the attached matrix to list 10 primary research sources, in APA format,
from scholarly journal sources you locate in major medical databases (e.g.,EBSCO, CINAHL,
PubMed, MedLine, or a hard copy journal).
Note: In aspect B you should gather 9 more pieces of similar research on the same
topic as in aspect A so you have a total of 10 pieces of primary research to make a
practice implication (a minimum of 8 authors should be used).
A1 Article: (indicate primary evidence chosen by way of an APA citation)
A2 Background or Introduction
A2 Review of the Literature
A2 Discussion of Methodology
A2 Data Analysis
A2 Researcher’s conclusion
Analyze the case based on the strengths or weaknesses you identified through your self-assessments. Analyze how your results might impact your work with your selected client.
/in Lion Essays /by adminOrder instructions
Overview
In all of your previous courses in this program, you have engaged with the ideas and approaches that comprise a professional background in human services. Have you had the opportunity to think about how all of your learning fits together? Could you readily explain how well prepared you are for each aspect of the human services role? One goal of this assignment is to prepare you to do that—with clarity and specific evidence—so that you are ready, for example, to address these questions in a job interview.
Write a three-part paper of approximately 9–15 pages that brings together three of the five key elements that lead to success in human services, represent the program outcomes of your degree, and align directly with the core competencies model of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS):
Each part of this assignment requires that you revisit the key ideas in a particular area and demonstrate your mastery of those ideas. In completing each part of this paper, draw upon your reading and discussions from your courses as well as any assignments you may have completed that would be helpful. Seek particularly to articulate your current understanding in these areas, regardless of what you may have written in earlier courses.
Instructions
Review the case study, “Susan and Ted,” on pages 123–125 of your An Introduction to Human Services text. Pick a client from the case and analyze the case based on the areas identified below:
Requirements
Submit your assignment by the end of this unit.
Portfolio Prompt: You may choose to save this learning activity to your ePortfolio, in the Professional Showcase binder.
For a custom paper on the above or a related topic, place your order now!
What We Offer:
• Affordable Rates – (15 – 25% Discount on all orders above $50)
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• Masters & Ph.D. Level Writers
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• Unlimited Revisions at no Extra Charges
• Guaranteed High-Quality Content
Identify a policy statement, regulation or law from a country other than the United States that focuses on the chosen issue. Compare and contrast these three positions with your position on the identified issue provide meaningful analysis in this area that shows evidence of critical thinking about this issue and the statements, how they are the same, how they differ and why this might be.
/in Lion Essays /by adminSocial Work and Human Services
1) Identify an issue:
2) Identify the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) policy statement about that issue (statements can be found in the NASW Social Works
Speaks text).
3) Identify a policy statement, regulation or law from a country other than the United States that focuses on the chosen issue.
4) Identify a United Nations convention/position statement/policy about that issue.
5) Identify your position on the issue.
Paper format:
Introduction to the chosen issue including populations it impacts and the scope of the issue (Example: how many people are homeless in the US?
worldwide? who is primarily impacted by homelessness?)
Identify the NASW position – attempt to paraphrase the statements, do not simply copy and paste them into your paper. If you need to provide a small
quote to highlight their position, this is fine.
Identify the UN position – attempt to paraphrase the statements, do not simply copy and paste them into your paper. If you need to provide a small
quote to highlight their position, this is fine.
Identify a policy statement, regulation or law from a country other than the United States that focuses on the chosen issue.
Compare and contrast these three positions with your position on the identified issue provide meaningful analysis in this area that shows evidence of
critical thinking about this issue and the statements, how they are the same, how they differ and why this might be.
Go beyond stating only that you agree or disagree.
In what ways are you aligned with the positions of NASW, the UN, etc? In what ways does your philosophy conflict?
How do frames of reference such as values, beliefs, culture, shape your position and how this issue is viewed and how it is responded to?
Provide a concluding paragraph
References and in-text citations should be in APA format.
Three legitimate references – one must be the NASW Social Work Speaks text. You may also include other sources to support your work.
Post a brief description of the disaster you selected. Next, explain some of the lessons learned from that disaster. Finally, explain how these lessons were or could have been integrated into emergency management policy decisions.
/in Lion Essays /by adminWhen people think of mega-disasters, they often think of Hurricane Katrina. It is important to understand, however, that Hurricane Katrina was not the only mega-disaster to strike the United States. In 1906, a devastating earthquake that spawned an outbreak of fires struck San Francisco. The loss of life and devastation caused by the earthquake and fires was comparable to that of Hurricane Katrina.
Both natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, or earthquakes) and human-caused disasters (e.g., terrorist attacks, shootings, or intentional chemical/biological agent release) present immense challenges for integrating lessons learned into effective implementation of emergency management standards.
Policy makers reacted to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake in a manner similar to the way policy makers reacted to Hurricane Katrina—they learned which response and recovery methods worked and which did not work. Ideally, this is how emergency management evolves over time as each generation responds to new hazards and disasters.
For this Discussion, review the media and Learning Resources for this week. Select a natural or human-caused disaster to use for this Discussion and do some research on this disaster. Do not select Hurricane Katrina as your disaster. Think about historical lessons learned from it. Consider how these lessons learned, if they were integrated into current emergency management policy decisions, apply to contemporary emergency management.
Post a brief description of the disaster you selected. Next, explain some of the lessons learned from that disaster. Finally, explain how these lessons were or could have been integrated into emergency management policy decisions.
Canton, L. G. (2007). Emergency management: Concepts and strategies for effective programs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
•Chapter 1, “Emergency Management: A Historical Perspective” (pp. 1–33)
•Chapter 3, “The Emergency Manager: Evolving Roles and Shifting Paradigms” (pp. 63–83)
Sylves, R. (2015). Disaster policy and politics: Emergency management and homeland security (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press.
•Chapter 1, “Disaster Management in the United States” (pp. 2–24)
•Chapter 3, “Historical Trends in Disaster Management” (pp. 58-88)
Should international organizations help to end FGC even though it is happening due to cultural or religious reasons? • What strategies can be taken in order to end FGC? • Should we intervene or try to stop practices that we see as immoral?
/in Lion Essays /by adminPresentation Summary
Fiona Green. 2005. From clitoridectomies to ‘designer vaginas’: The medical construction of heteronormative female bodies and sexuality through
female genital cutting. Sexualities, Evolution and Gender, 7(2): 153–187.
1. Objectives
2. What is female genital cutting (FGC)?
• Female genital cutting is also known as female genital mutilation (FGM) as it often used in international meetings and documentation
purposes. The author uses FGC in order to avoid “the sound of disgust” (p. 154).
• When addressing the practice and issue of female genital cutting (FGC), most people think of the brutal and harmful practices of
clitoridectomy and infibulation that take place in African countries, in specific areas of the Middle East and Asia (p. 153-154).
• The term female genital mutilation (FGM) carries ‘moral outrage’ with ‘‘the implicit assumption that parents and relatives deliberately
intend to harm children’’ (p. 154).
• The purpose behind FGC is to enhance the ‘‘beauty or cleanliness of women’’ or making “conception and child-bearing easier” (p, 156).
3. Green criticizes FGC based on medical and health reasons
• Often health and hygiene are not considered, which leads to fatal moments (p. 155). Many women suffer from poor conditions during the
procedure, which lead to:
– Severe pain, bleeding and infections
– Painful sexual intercourse
– Long-term implications for future fertility
– Complications and safety issues during childbirth
– Death
• Example: Sudanese women who survived FGC experience lack of confidence, depressed self-image, and worthlessness. It also led to
emotional trauma resulting from memoirs of painful experiences being severe. Women who had FGC experience constant nightmares, anxiety,
depression and stress. FGC not only cause physical pain, but also mental. (p. 156).
4. Green criticizes FGC based on socio-cultural reasons
• In some cultures, FGC marks their entrance to adulthood as well as the development of a complete woman. She would become a fully
functioning member in society (p. 156).
• In other cases it is about socio-cultural and religious beliefs. If some women decide to avoid FGC then they will never be able to get
married, live full female lives and have an economic security. Therefore, for the proper marriage, the woman has to undergo FGC for the honor of
her family and cultural beliefs
• Gender hierarchy. Some women do not have a choice. Women have to undergo FGC because of power relations. Men tend to play a dominant
role and thus, women are pressured to fit in the society.
• If they do not undergo the procedure, women are considered to be unfaithful and unclean wives so there are low chances that a woman will
get married.
5. Victorian era (1839–1901)
• A ‘‘clitoridectomy craze’’ developed in Victorian England because of a number of social and political circumstances, including the rise
of the middle-class, changing social attitudes towards women, and transformations within the medical and healing professions. Middle-class
women, in particular, were viewed as ‘‘delicate, sensitive, frail and emotional creatures’’ who could be easily destroyed (p. 160).
• Then, the subject of masturbation became a general concern. It was considered one of the primary ‘‘social evils’’. Therefore, many
advocates fought against widespread of sexual immorality, doctors started to proscribed clitoridectomies so women do not masturbate becuase
otherwise, it was considered to be unfeminine behaviour and slipping into insanity (p. 161).
• The practice of clitoridectomy to control these ‘‘female afflictions’’ and a host of other ‘‘diseases’’ continued to a lesser extent (p.
163).
• The practice of FGC has been used to contain and control the sexual behaviour and bodies of girls and women.
6. Intersex children (1950–present)
• The most common intersex surgeries offered to children were used to make virilized girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) so
they can appear less like boys by amputating the clitoris and enlarging the vaginal opening (p. 164).
• Hormonal treatment and surgery were used to alter children’s genitalia when it was determined that a girl’s clitoris looked too much
like a penis.
• Usually girls undergo the surgery, but less commonly, are boys who are changed into girls [because their penises are deemed too small]—
in an attempt to give them what doctors believe will be a better life’ so they can look normal and feel comfortable (p. 165).
• Two-sex-gender system is about deciding what gender newborn is going to have. All bodies must be recognized either to be a male or
female. It is about ideological commitments and “genital surgery is, therefore, fundamental to ensuring ‘intersexed children perceive themselves
as seamless, singularly sexed and gendered persons’” (p. 166).
• The majority of the surgical procedures are not performed for life saving or for functional reasons, but for aesthetic affect so girls
look like girls (p. 166).
7. Designer vaginas (1985–present)
• Elective plastic surgery to remodel their labia and vaginas to a standard of feminine “perfection” (p. 170).
• Procedures used to tighten the vaginal muscles and support tissues after giving birth.
• “As millions of women inject Botox, reshape noses, augment breasts, lift buttocks and suck away unwanted fat, a growing number are now
exploring a new frontier, genital plastic surgery” (p. 171).
• Many undergo the surgery or laser treatment for “a tight vagina might help you keep your man from running after younger women’’
• Body embarrassments. Over time women started to make their own decisions and if they do not like something about their bodies they can
undergo a surgery. If women think that their vagina is too big or too wide they can change it.
• However, there are situations with a negative outcome. Genital cutting is dangerous and genital cosmetic surgery is not an exception.
This leads to negative physical complications such as: painful intercourse, loss of sensitivity, scarring and excessive bleeding. Ironically,
healthy women risk their good physical health and satisfactory sexual functioning when they elect to have cosmetic genital surgery to change the
appearance of their genitalia or the size of their vaginas (p. 175).
8. Issues with FGC
• The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) explains that FGC is a serious
public health problem which endangers the life and health of women and children, which still exists (p. 156).
• *‘‘no one has ever found or cited a single case to support the long-term physical and psychological success of this surgery’’ (p. 170) –
this is about intersex children and their surgeries
• Even some adults who have received ‘‘successful treatments’’ claim ‘‘a loss of their quality of life’’ and a ‘‘loss of self ’’ because
of the ‘‘loss of sexual sensation they have experienced before
9. Question
• What are the strategies to end FGC?
– Health education is another strategy that proves useful in eradicating the practice of FGC
– Community supported
• Should international organizations help to end FGC even though it is happening due to cultural or religious reasons?
• What strategies can be taken in order to end FGC?
• Should we intervene or try to stop practices that we see as immoral?
• Are the problems associated with FGC “cultural”?
• Should there be a universal law to protect women from FGC or would it be complicated due to cultural differences?
• What do you think about Green’s statement “[a woman] has the correct genitalia only when her body passes visual inspection by a person
in authority” ?