To what extent have sexuality and gender were included in the development of citizenship and rights?

The formation of the nation-state is related to the development of citizenship rights.’ Discuss using examples.
To what extent have sexuality and gender were included in the development of citizenship and rights?
Critically assess whether modern nation-states have incorporated issues around ethnicity and race.
‘The concept citizenship has changed as a consequence of the development of multiculturalism.’ Discuss using examples to illustrate your answer.
The development of modern diasporas and transnational communities have transformed our understanding of identity in contemporary societies.’ Discuss.
Evaluate the impact of the European Union on regional and national identities. Answer with reference to the tension between national sovereignty and identity.
Examine how environmental issues impact on citizenship rights and obligations. Use examples to illustrate your answer.