Is there in fact any contradiction between the two? • In what ways are these attempts at an “inner revival” relevant today in the Arab and Muslim world? Refer to Week 4 and 5 readings 3.

Discuss the ways in which Muslim reformists (such as Jamal al-Din alAfghani and Muhammad Abdu) articulated the general problem of “inner decay and the need for an inner revival” within the Arab and Muslim worlds. • In what ways did the European colonial powers influence key Muslim reformists? • What are the implications of this revival as it relates to religious reform and political thought? • Can reform be derived from the principles of Islamic law, or is it necessary to go to the teachings and practices of modern Europe? • Is there in fact any contradiction between the two? • In what ways are these attempts at an “inner revival” relevant today in the Arab and Muslim world? Refer to Week 4 and 5 readings 3.
3. Arab nationalism is both a product of and response to the European colonisation of the ‘Arab World’ in the 19th and 20th centuries. Discuss. • What are the major ways in which Europe (particularly France and Britain) extended their influence in the Middle East? • What kinds of reform were promulgated by this cultural exchange? • Did European notions of nationalism travel to the Middle East during the cultural exchange of the colonial period? • Was Arab nationalism a response to European colonization alone? • What are the major principles of Arab nationalism? • What was/is the impact of de facto division of the ‘Arab World’ into nation-states on Arab nationalism? • Do the political borders recently imposed on the various Arab nationstates have an impact on the ways in which Arabs identify themselves as members of a political community? • Could you give an example? • Is it be possible to reconcile between the political reality of nationstates and Arab nationalism? Refer to Week 5 and Week 7 readings 4.

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